Fruitless Unions from 1875 - 1900 Essay Example for Free

Fruitless Unions from 1875 1900 Essay Late 19th century America was a time of both industrial prosperity and poverty among workers. It was run by grasping corporations and proprietors. Workers found themselves alone, amidst the rest of the nation, merely individuals under the control of the lavish Rockefellers and Carnegies. Entire families found themselves working 10 hours a day, 7 days a week in unsanitary conditions just to have enough money to pay for simple necessities like food and rent. The issue of lowering working hours, increasing wages, and humanizing working conditions quickly became indispensable. While organized labor groups such as the National Labor Union, The Knights of Labor, and the American Federation of Labor all strived to resolve these issues, victories were seldom. The crusade towards organized labor from 1875-1900 was unsuccessful in improving the position of workers vastly because of the initial failure of strikes, the grueling feelings of superiority of employers over employees and the lack of support from the government. Beginning in the 1860’s, labor unions began to sprout in hopes of making reforms by unifying workers to fight for higher wages, and 8 hour work day, and various other social benefits. The National Labor Union (1866) was the first assembly established to take part in this fight. Strikes would have to be effective in order to initiate any major changes but at a time like this, more harm was being done than good. In 1877, many workers participated in the first great American strike which resulted in mass violence and little reforms. Afterwards, an editorial in the New York Times stated that â€Å"the strike is apparently hopeless, and must be regarded as nothing more than a rash and spiteful demonstration of resentment by men too ignorant or too reckless to understand their own interests†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document B) This editorial, which clearly favored labor unions, was acknowledging that nothing would be achieved through fighting and violence. Their failures so early on should have given them the signal to cease and, but year after year, strikes were arising and little was being down in the workers favors. Their failures would surely set the stage for future unions to come. In 1892, workers at the Homestead Steel Plant near Pittsburgh walked out on strike and took the lives of at least two Pinkerton detectives and one civilian (Document G). The violent acts at Homestead not only failed to gain rights but since non-strikers were killed it led people to think of laborers in a negative light. With the conditions only worsening after each and every strike, it was clear that organized strikes were not the way to improve conditions for workers. The industrial era gave more power to employers than ever before. With the introduction of the Scientific Management method designed by Frederick Taylor, autonomy among workers was even less common. By means of Scientific Management, there was no longer a need for workers of one particular trade, now; workers would only know how to make one particular part of a whole. The fact that many employees had to band together to face one employer displayed a great deal of inferiority. In 1883, in a testimony before the Senate Committee on Labor and Capital, a machinist said that 100 men are able to do now what it took 300 or 400 men to do fifteen years ago in trying to explain his insignificance to the company he worked for (Document D). Thus, workers felt even more inferior because it took fewer workers to make products; fewer workers amounted to easier management by the employers. In addition to inferiority to the employers, workers would also put restrictions on themselves by giving in and signing things like the Western Union Telegraph Companys employee contract that forbid them from joining unions (Document E). These yellow-dog contracts simply dragged the workers further down into the ground. The ineffectiveness of unions was shown in that the unions that were formed werent strong enough to even overcome their own benefactors which in turn only put them at a lower level in the end. I. Another main contributor to the ineffectiveness of labor unions was the lack of support from the government. With the involvement of the federal government, labor unions could have been much more successful in churning out better conditions for workers.

Three Eras, Three Novels Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shelly, Well, Hu

Progress is a distinctive venture of man. The constant need to predict and control, instrumented by science and technology, has led to astonishing possibilities for which the long term consequences are unpredictable. There is, however, no ultimate goal of progress; and as limits continue to be broken, the boundaries of human interference in nature are expanding indefinitely. Everywhere, there is a sense of the unconquerable forces unwittingly evoked to serve the project of progress, bringing the project itself into question. This idea has produced three novels that suggest the improvidence of man's quest for authority from natural law; they are: Frankenstein, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, H.G. Well's The Time Machine, and Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley. The purpose of progress is to attain greater control over the environment, allowing man a sense of certainty and security. With more and more conveniences and enlightenments given by science and technology, man hopes to reign in the natural forces that affect him. Aldous Huxley imagines the state of these ideals several centuries into the future: A society in which everything is contained and regulated, down to free will itself. The very motto of the state is "community, identity, stability" (1). Their Science has advanced on our current remedies insofar that humans fall into a mental state or condition in which the varieties of expression and behavior of that individual become restricted; total human inhibition. The idea of a one world government seems ridiculous, because humans over the course of history have rejected such totalitarian governments over and over in the past. In Huxley's world, however, the people have completely submitted to the order. The people of this ad... ...kind meddles in nature's affairs to create a world of his own design, the effects of his actions are monumental. Man would do better to understand his place as a species with no control, and without the ability to predict or to understand the effects of experimentation on the natural world. No matter the era, man’s push towards progression happens on a daily basis. Whether it be not asking for directions and failed attempts to find a location, spending hours on craigslist for parts to their â€Å"projects†, or creating machines, even creating humans to better prove progression—man will not stop. These novels throughout the centuries have become clear methods of the wrong doings that led from excessive progression, but no matter the date man will continue to look for answers but with the help of Wells, Shelley and Huxley, perhaps they won’t overstep their boundaries.

International Trade and Finance Speech Essay

Introduction Today I would like to discuss, with you, the current state of the U.S. macro economy. I will attempt to simply address concepts and terms which focus on international trade and foreign exchange rates. Much of the discussion will focus around the surplus of imports brought into the U.S., and the impact it has on the U.S. businesses and consumers involved. I will also describe the effects of the international trade to GDP, domestic markets, and university students. It is important to understand how the government’s choices, in regards to tariffs and quotas, affect international relations and trade; so I will describe the interactive relationship in regards to tariffs and quotas, and how the government’s choices affect international relations and trade. We will also understand how foreign exchange rates are determined, and identify the reasons the U.S. does not restrict goods from China and minimize imports from other countries. Imports in the U.S. The U.S. imports many goods from various countries around the globe; and the trading of these goods plays an important role in the stability of economic growth for the U.S. The U.S. imports goods or products from other countries such as China; and if the U.S. has a surplus of imports it means there is an increase in the trade deficit, which is not good for the U.S. because trade deficits usually increase unemployment. Examples of products with an import surplus in the U.S. are China’s auto-parts. The U.S. auto-parts industry is at risk of lost jobs because of the rapid growth of auto-parts imported from China. The Chinese government unfairly subsidizes and trades auto-parts to the U.S.; which in return jeopardizes jobs related to the auto-parts industry in the U.S. Exports from the U.S. support jobs, but imports supplant production which would otherwise support U.S. employment. The U.S. auto-parts trade deficit increased from $9.5 billion in the year 2000 to $31.2 billion in the year 2010. During the year 2010, China’s exports of auto-parts exceeded their imports of U.S. products by 725 percent. The impact of this discrepancy between the two countries forces consumers and businesses, in the U.S., to evaluate which products are worth buying. Many times China’s products are manufactured just as thoroughly as their counterparts in the U.S., and they are often much cheaper to purchase. In order to save money, many U.S. companies and consumers will purchase goods from China, and also establish businesses and create jobs in that country which would otherwise benefit domestic employment (â€Å"Economic Policy Institute†, 2012). GDP I would like to next address the effects of international trade to the GDP, domestic markets, and university students. International trade has become important to the U.S. economy in recent years, and the benefits of a global market improve the U.S. standard of living. The problem for the U.S. is the contraction of the GDP because of reduced exports and higher imports. The outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets can decrease the currency of the dollar, and make imports more expensive to purchase. If the currency of the dollar decreases, domestic markets will suffer because now goods cost more to purchase. Domestic markets can also be affected by international trade. If imports are cheaper than domestic company products, then domestic markets may suffer because the imports are cheaper to purchase. Many international students and public and private institutions also benefit from the effects of international trade. The revenues generated by international students are important because they usually pay out-of-state tuition, and the education sector usually benefits from a trade surplus (â€Å"Business Day†, 2013). Tariffs and Quotas The government’s choices, in regards to tariffs and quotas, usually have a big effect on international trade and relations. Many countries rely on net exports to maximize their productions companies. When quotas and tariffs are introduced to the global market, it can affect the flow of goods and products to consumer nations; and can negatively impact the production companies. Because it is usually beneficial for international companies to maximize production, tariffs and quotas can potentially strain international relations and trade. Exchange Rates I would like to next address foreign exchange rates and what determines them. Most of us are aware that currency has a value attached to it. The difference between the two country’s currency value, and the rate for what they will be exchanged for each other; is known as the foreign exchange rate. The exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market, which determines the local demand for foreign currencies (â€Å"Businessdictionary.com†, 2013). Goods in the U.S. The question is often asked, if China has restrictions on U.S. imports, then why does the U.S. not restrict goods coming in from China? To answer the question simply, Chinese imports are important to the U.S. because China has the fastest growing markets in the world. If the U.S. were to stop imports from China, then accordingly China would stop imports for the U.S., and we would not have access that important market. It is vital to have relationships with the global market, because those trade relationships keep the U.S. relevant in the global economy. Many economists agree if the U.S. were to stop trading with foreign countries, then the entire global economy would collapse, which would result in the entire globe going into a depression. Conclusion In conclusion I would like to state that I hope I have addressed all of you questions about the current state of the U.S. macro economy. It is important to understand the importance of all countries involved with foreign trade, and how their imports and our exports directly affect the U.S. economy and our jobs. While we would like to be independent from a lot of foreign goods, the idea of total independence from foreign trade is virtually impossible. As we discussed earlier, the reason is because of our trade deficits and their countries ability to invest in the U.S. References Economic Policy Institute. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.epi.org/publication/bp336-us-china-auto-parts-industry/ Businessdictionary.com. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/foreign-exchange-rate.html Business Day. (2013). Retrieved from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/the-impact-of-foreign-trade-on-the-economy/

The U. S. Government

Introduction And Literature Review - 1008 Words

CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW From a producer s point of view it is helpful to plan and incite a set scope of transformer sizes. Usually, the terminal voltages, VA rating and frequency are assigned. These specifications decide the materials to be utilized and their measurements. This way to deal with transformer outline has been used and displayed in point of interest in standard course book. It has been used as an outline execute for enlightening college classes at universities., it has been utilized widely as a part of outlining transformers for exchanged mode power supplies. Nonetheless, by outlining to evaluated details, thought is not unequivocally given to what materials and sizes are really accessible. Coreand winding material suppliers offer inventories of favored sizes, especially so for littler rating gadgets. This mirrors the supplier s assembling abilities in expulsion, rolling and shaping devices and gear. It is not monetary to offer clients any size and shape they require. It is conceivable that a s pecialist, having planned a transformer, may then locate the material sizes don t exist. The specialist may then be compelled to utilize accessible materials and hence the execution of the genuine transformer that is fabricated is prone to be essentially unique in relation to that of the outline counts. Because of troubles in assessing genuine winding measurements, the spillage reactance specifically may not be computed effectively. The leakageShow MoreRelatedIntroduction And Literature Review On Hypertension Essay1227 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Motivation Approximately one in every three adult’s ages 20 years old and older are diagnosed with high blood pressure or hypertension. Hypertension affects 78 million people in the United States and is equally prevalent in both men and woman (Crabtree et al., 2013). 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Social Conformity And Sexism A Yellow Wallpaper By...

Comparative Essay Social conformity and sexism at one point in American history were an extremely debated topic, causing some writers to explore these topics through some of the greatest short stories written. The stories that explored these social issues were a Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and another story that explored these debated topics was AP written by John Updike. A Yellow Wall Paper was a story published on January of 1892 and this story gives us an insight of how gender roles operated during the early parts of the 20th century, and AP was published in 1961, this story gives an early insight of the new social upheavals that the rebellious youth will cause against the norms of society. These two examples of†¦show more content†¦Gilman describes the setting by saying, â€Å" It makes me think of English places that you read about.† The husband of protagonist of A Yellow Wall Paper decided to use the rest treatment, which completely blocked out outside stimulu s which also included any intellectual stimulation as well, this is important because the protagonist just agreed with her husband without any questions and yet again her husband used the doctor and husband car to suppress her from any stimulus. Gilman also exemplifies sexism by introducing the character of John sister because shes describes as being only a good housewife, and she blindly obeys the orders given to her by any male including the order to supervise the protagonist. In the story AP, Updike introduces sexism in a different manner and also through a different perspective because in this story the main character Sammy introduces the story by talking about a group of girls that entered the AP shop when he immediately begins to judge their appearance and assigns them a personally based on their body language and as well there appearances. For example, Sammy said, â€Å"....there was this one, with the two piece -- it was bright green and the seams on the bra were still sha rp and her belly was still pretty pale†¦ there was this one, with one of those chubby berry-faces, the lips all bunched together under her nose , this one, with black hair..† In this quote Sammy demonstrates who makes during the 60s viewed

Library System Free Essays

string(38) " that was time consuming will fasten\." Chapter I The Problem and Its Background 1. 1 Background of the study The role of the Gordon Heights National High School Library Booking system is to help manage the effectiveness of library services. A Library system can help in creating an organize list of borrowed and returned books. We will write a custom essay sample on Library System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not every school that have a library has a library system; it is commonly manually operated by the librarian. Meaning the librian manually writes or saves borrowed or returned books in a writing material. Students make use of their library card before they can borrow any books. The librarian proceeds with the process of lending books by the students through the use of library card. The school is planning to switch from a manual system to an automated system so that the files are not all over the place and lessen the time in terms of borrowing and processing of books. Figure 1 Vicinity Map Figure 1 Vicinity Map Vicinity Map Bernadette F. Tamayo Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Bernadette F. Tamayo Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Organizational Chart DR. Roger L. Nuque ES 1-Mathematics Secondary DR. Roger L. Nuque ES 1-Mathematics Secondary Lourdes G. Gonjoran ES 1- ALS, Private Schools Lourdes G. Gonjoran ES 1- ALS, Private Schools Ricardo E. Ednave ES 1-Values Education Secondary Ricardo E. Ednave ES 1-Values Education Secondary Dr. Roland M. Fronoa ES 1-AP, Music Arts Secondary Dr. Roland M. Fronoa ES 1-AP, Music Arts Secondary Daniel P. Miguel ES 1-EPP,TLE, Disaster Preparedness Daniel P. Miguel ES 1-EPP,TLE, Disaster Preparedness Nelson Oliva ES 1-Filipino Secondary Nelson Oliva ES 1-Filipino Secondary Saturnino D. Dumilao ES 1-MAPEH Secondary Saturnino D. Dumilao ES 1-MAPEH Secondary Marietta G. Abuhin ES 1-TLE Secondary Marietta G. Abuhin ES 1-TLE Secondary Samuel Boqueron ES 1-Science Secondary Samuel Boqueron ES 1-Science Secondary Teresita F. Edquiban Administrative Officer V Teresita F. Edquiban Administrative Officer V Figure 2 Organizational Chart 1. 2 Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks Theoretical Framework The Theoretical Framework illustrates the current manual process of the daily transactions of the Gordon Heights National High School Library. First, the student needs to present the book and give the library card to the librarian. The librarian will confirm and manually records and write the book information, date received and date to return in a library slip. The student will receive the book and the library slip. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Student gives the library card and the book to the librarian. Student gives the library card and the book to the librarian. Librarian records the information and also writes the book information in a library slip. Librarian records the information and also writes the book information in a library slip. The student receives the book he/she borrowed with the library slip. The student receives the book he/she borrowed with the library slip. The librarian receives the book and returns the library card to the student. The librarian receives the book and returns the library card to the student. The Librarian updates the information and checks if there is any penalty. The Librarian updates the information and checks if there is any penalty. Student/s returns the book he/she borrowed and presents the library slip to the librarian. Student/s returns the book he/she borrowed and presents the library slip to the librarian. Figure 3 Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework The conceptual Framework illustrates the process of the proposed system. The librarian manages the Library through the system. In the system the student will give the book and the book information to the librarian. The librarian will verify the book if available through the system, if it is available the librarian will take the library card. The student will then receive the book. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Book records database is updated and returns the library card. Book records database is updated and returns the library card. Librarian updates the book’s information and the book record. And verify if there is a penalty charge. Librarian updates the book’s information and the book record. And verify if there is a penalty charge. Students return the borrowed book/s and give the library card. Students return the borrowed book/s and give the library card. Librarian lends the book and the information will be save in the database Librarian lends the book and the information will be save in the database Librarian will check student’s information, the book’s information and then she/he will input the information Librarian will check student’s information, the book’s information and then she/he will input the information Students borrow the books and present it to the Librarian with their Library card. Students borrow the books and present it to the Librarian with their Library card. Figure 4 Conceptual Framework 1. 3 Statement of the Problem General Since the library use a manual system, the work load of the librarian is increased. Manual processing consumes more time and effort. The library needed to be organized and accurate. Specific 1. The said Manual System is time consuming. 2. Frequent loss of data. 3. Duplication of data may occur. 4. No security regarding confidential information. 1. 4 Research Objectives General Objectives To provide a Library Booking System for school library that will provide library functions and lessen work. The objective of the project is to keep information of books such title of the book, name of the book, author and any other important information. Specific Objective 1. To be able to create a system that can fasten the workloads of the librarian. 2. To develop a system that can back-up data to prevent loss of data. 3. To provide an accurate and non-repeatable data with the use of the system. 4. To ensure a more secured system that the librarian can only access. 1. 5 Significance of the Research The beneficiaries for the proposed system will consist of the students who are the end users and the librarian as the administrator. The librarian will benefit because the workloads that was time consuming will fasten. You read "Library System" in category "Essay examples" Each transaction would not take-up much time. It will also lessen the chances of confusion or data error. With the proposed system, the librian/user can learn basic computer knowledge. Their computer handling skills will be developed by applying it in the proposed system. This proposed system will mostly remove or lessen the manual procedures therefore improving work efficiency and ease of work. . 6 Scope and limitation The objective of this system is to keep information of books such as titles of the books, names, authors and etc. The system also keeps information of borrowed and returned transactions. As our database, we will be using Microsoft Access and will also use Microsoft Visual Basic 2006 as our program l anguage. The system is only accessible to the librarian. 1. 7 Definition of Terms Library – a place set apart to contain books, periodicals, and other material for reading, viewing, listening, study, or reference, as a room, set of rooms, or building where books may be read or borrowed. Librarian – A person who is a specialist in library work. System – A set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole. Database – a large amount of information which is stored in a computer. Chapter II Review of Related Studies This chapter includes the review of related literatures gathered during data collection by the researchers. The survey of the related studies is a crucial aspect of the planning of the study. These literatures have been used as basis and guidelines in developing the proposed system. . 1 Related Studies 2. 1. 1 Foreign The University of Chicago Library http://www. lib. uchicago. edu/e/about/factsheet. html As a center of intense intellectual inquiry, the University of Chicago Library shares with the University of Chicago the aspiration to be the most dynamic research and learning environment in the world, supporting the University’s commitment to research and teaching in the sciences, social sciences, human ities, and the College and to using its intellectual resources to help solve the world’s problems. Forty-five percent of the Library’s collections are non-English and published outside the United States, supporting faculty research with a global impact and making the Library a mecca for international scholars. The Library is a leading advocate of digitization as a method of preservation and has created 50 digitized collections that are accessible online, with items ranging from medieval manuscripts to early editions of Chopin scores to maps of Chicago before and after the Fire. The Library also works with faculty to preserve electronic research data including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Oriental Institute’s Persepolis Fortification Archive. Tennessee Electronic Library TEL(n. d. ). Retrieved from: http://tntel. tnsos. org/about. html The Tennessee Electronic Library (TEL) is a virtual library that you can access from your home pc, your school library computer lab, or your iPhone – anywhere with an internet connection. TEL provides access to over 400,000 electronic resources, including magazines, scholarly journals, podcasts, videos, e-books, test preparation materials, federal census records, Tennessee primary source materials etc. All types of not-for-profit libraries participate in TEL and benefit from the wide range of information TEL databases offer, including homework help to new readers, consumer health information, business resources, leisure reading suggestions, current event essays, academic and civil service test preparation help, and genealogy and family history sources. Over 1. 2 million searches are performed each month across the various TEL databases. Since 1999, the Tennessee Electronic Library has been dedicated to providing equal access to this expansive collection of electronic resources for all Tennesseans. At its inception, the Tennessee Electronic Library provided access to 18 databases that covered a variety of subjects, including humanities, education, business science, current events, art, politics, economics, social sciences, law, health, computers, environmental issues and general interest topics. TEL has grown into a resource of 33 databases supplied by six vendors. In addition to the Gale collection of databases, TEL resources also include EBSCO’s Points of View Reference Center, LearningExpress Library’s test preparation database, NewsBank’s Tennessee Newspaper Collection, the genealogy database HeritageQuest online, and World Book Encyclopedia. CISTI (Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information) http://cisti-icist. nrc-cnrc. gc. ca/eng/ibp/cisti/about/index. tml The Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (commonly NRC-CISTI or simply CISTI) began in 1924 as the library of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), the leading agency for research and development in Canada. This library took on the role of national science library unofficially in 1957 and became the official National Science Library in 1967. The name CISTI came in 1974 to reflect the wide scope of services provided and the increasing role in the devel opment of electronic information products and services for the science and technology community. NRC Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (NRC-CISTI), as Canada’s national science library, provides Canada’s research and innovation community with tools and services for accelerated discovery, innovation and commercialization. It is one of the world’s major sources for information in all areas of science, technology, engineering and medicine. Moscow University Library http://www. msu. ru/en/info/struct/depts/library. html The Moscow University Library, the oldest in Russia, was opened in 1755. Mikhail Lomonosov, the founder of the University, saw the Library as a secular institution open to the general public and free for all its patrons. In the XVIII and XIX centuries it was the only free library in Moscow, very popular among the readership. Its patrons enjoyed the wealth of its extensive collections and often donated or bequeathed some valuable books and their private collections to the University Library. Today the role of the Moscow University Library System cannot be overestimated; it is invaluable for educating and training highly qualified specialists. The Library provides Interlibrary Loan service through its contacts with 352 institutions in 55 countries, the major university library systems among them. Being the member of the Russian Library Association, the Moscow University Library is a scientific and methodological center for libraries of other Russian educational institutions. The Moscow University Library System includes about 10 million books, 2. 5 million among them in foreign languages; every year the collections are added with about 130, 000 Russian and foreign books and periodicals. The Library is proud of its collection of rare books and manuscripts, including early printed books, early editions of books and periodicals, both Russian and foreign, from XVIII century to the present. The Library Archives hold materials by Russian outstanding scientists and scholars, writers and public figures. The Moscow University Library System currently serves about 65,000 patrons. In 16 different campus buildings there are 20 branches of the circulating library, 63 reading rooms, and a number of reference libraries. The new MSU Main Library Building on Lomonosovsky Prospect was opened in January 2005. In 1990 we started to add the Library’s traditional index card catalog with digitized catalogs. So far we have scanned the Author Catalog covering all the University Library sources acquired from 1755 to 2005. The electronic catalog covers books and theses from 1990 to date. 2. 1. 2 Local University of the East: Library – Library System http://www. ue. edu. ph/manila/library/main. html The Main Library in Manila is the hub of the entire system of libraries in the campus. It is the largest among the libraries in the system. It has sections for Circulation, Reserve, CCSS Library, Acquisitions, Cataloging, Reference, Filipiniana, and Periodicals, which are housed on the second, third and fourth floors of the POD-CIT Building. The book and serial collections continue to grow and are also being enriched with a growing collection of materials in various media and formats such as CD-ROMs, online databases and access to the Internet. Bibliographic access to the library collections is through the Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) terminals available in all the libraries National Library of the Philippines ttp://web. nlp. gov. ph/nlp/ On March 9, 1900, the American Circulating Library was established in Manila as a fitting memorial to American servicemen who died in Philippine soil. The Library was organized by Mrs. Charles R. Greenleaf and its first librarian was Nellie Young Egbert. The American Military Governor in the Philippines, by the authority vested in him by the United States Philippine Commission th rough Public Act No. 96 passed on March 5, 1901, accepted the Circulating Library as a donation of the American Circulating Library Association to the government. Public Law Act No. 1935, provided for the â€Å"the consolidation of all libraries belonging to any branch of the Philippine government for the creation of the Philippine Library†, and for the maintenance of the same, and other purposes. To carry out the provisions of this law, a Library Board was constituted consisting of the Secretary of the Public Instruction, the Secretary of Interior, the Secretary of Finance and Justice, and the other members to be appointed annually by the Governor General. In 1916, The Philippine Library, Division of Archives, Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks of the Executive Bureau and the Law Library of the Philippine assembly were merged into one entity, called the Philippine Library and Museum. Twelve years later, the Philippine Legislature separated the museum from the library. Public Law No. 3477 (1928) established the National Museum under the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources and changed the name of the Philippine Library and Museum to The National Library. Without advancing any reason for the order, the President of the Philippines changed the name of The National Library to Bureau of Public Libraries in accordance with Executive Order No. 94, series 1947. This order was followed by the most important piece of legislation enacted in our country up to the present time in so far as public libraries are concerned; Republic Act No. 411, otherwise known as the Municipal Libraries Law, authored by the then Senator Geronima T. Pecson. Republic Act No. 3873 passed in 1964 brought back to the Bureau of Public Libraries its old name, The National Library. Currently, the library is known as the National Library of the Philippines (NLP) pursuant to Republic Act No. 10087 enacted in May 13, 2010. The NLP is located at T. M. Kalaw Street, Manila. University of the Philippines Diliman Library System UP Diliman(n. d. ). Retrieved from: http://en. wikipilipinas. org/index. php? title=University_of_the_Philippines_Main_Library The Main Library completes the six pioneering buildings of the campus, and is actually the first to be built as UP transferred from Padre Faura, Manila to Diliman in 1949. Library users now enjoy the benefits of the Computerized Library System employed by the Main Library. The UP Integrated Library System (iLib) a web-based system using Open Source technologies, which integrates all library processes, is accessible, user-friendly and can be remotely managed. A selected committee started developing iLib on July 15, 200. It was first tested on June 09, 2007 in the library units of UP Diliman, and became fully operational by 11 February 2008. UP Students’ ID serve as their library cards when borrowing from the library. The iLib is now copyrighted, being issued a Certificate of Copyright Registration and Deposit by the NCCA of The National Library on July 16, 2008. Electronic journals and other databases can also be accessed through iLib and OPAC modules. Pangasinan Provincial Library (KOHA-Integrated Library System Online Public Access Catalogue) http://www. pia. gov. ph/news/index. php? article=1941331717775 LINGAYEN, Pangasinan, March 16 (PIA) — The Pangasinan Provincial Library in this capital town implemented the KOHA-Integrated Library System Online Public Access Catalogue to fully automate its library services in the coming months. KOHA is a Maori term which means â€Å"gift† or â€Å"donation† and is believed to be the first open source integrated library system (ILS) in the world. The ILS, which can be operational even without internet connection, was derived from KOHA. It was developed by Katipo Communications for the Horrowhenua Library in New Zealand and was funded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The automation project aims to further implement a more versatile library system. Through KOHA, books will be made easier to locate and research studies will be made simpler, as well. â€Å"We have to embrace modern technology,† said Rafael Baraan, the provincial administrator, during the launching ceremony held last March 9. This project is another milestone undertaken by the province that will make life easier, putting Pangasinan in pace and in cadence with the entire world. Going global using cyberspace as the medium of communication is highly commendable. † Edgardo Quiros, National Library of the Philippines (NLP) Information Technology Division Chief, hailed the provincial government for fully embr acing modern technology that will serve as a pivotal bridge towards further developing and improving library services in the country. Quiros mentioned that as of December 2011, the Philippines has the most number of KOHA system being adapted in local ibraries with Pangasinan Provincial Library as one of the leading provincial libraries in terms of modernization followed by the Cavite Library. With the advent of modern technology in the library system, youth will benefit in utilizing its services for their research and study. In just a click of a finger, information is made accessible to them. It is also useful to those who wisely spend their parents’ hard-earned money. Instead of going in computer shops, they could just visit the library for their educational needs. 2. 2 Synthesis Many researchers have proven that organizing a library is a difficult task that requires a lot of effort, time and patience to be exerted. The bigger the library, the harder it is to maintain. Specially now, many libraries require more high-technology concern. The researchers were able to conclude that objectives and problems encountered of different schools in the study of related literatures are almost similar to each other. They have begun from manual process to an automated or electronic library system. Some of the schools decided that providing high quality library services are needed. Most of the systems said above are web-based and is the modern way on how to use or easy access to the library wherever you are. Chapter III Research Methodology 3. 1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to present the assumptions underpinning this research, as well as to introduce the research strategy and the empirical techniques applied. The chapter defines the scope and limitations of the research design, and situates the research amongst existing research traditions in The Library Booking System. 3. 2 Research Design Methods of Research Used Our group used Literature Review Method wherein the study is focused on present research trends . It involves the recording, description, analysis and the presentation of the present system. Evaluating the credibility of sources is one of the most difficult aspects, especially with the ease of finding information on the internet. We can say that Chapter 2: Review of Related Studies can also be a Literature Review Method. Because when searching for possible related systems. Learning different types of information regarding the system. We can also think ideas that can greatly helped our system. It is very difficult to judge the credibility of an online paper. The main thing is to structure the internet research as if it were on paper. Bookmark papers, which may be relevant. 3. 3 Data Gathering Tools These are the instruments or tools that were use for gathering data in research used as basis for drawing conclusions or making inferences. Some of these tools are questionnaires, interviews, empirical observations,research and analysis used by the proponents as we conduct the proposed study. These are the only instruments or tools that we used: Interview On December 21, 2012 an interview was conducted just before the schools Christmas Break. Our group visited the site for the interview. The data gathering occurred by asking questions for much needed information such as book names,quantity and etc. Research Research is also important for adding any additional information using the internet. By searching different kinds of techniques/codes that can help in the development of the system. Questionnaire A pre-written series of questions used in gathering important information’s from the interviewee. This set of questionnaire was also used in the interview. Analysis Analysis is the process of breaking-up the whole study into its constituent parts of the categories according to the specific questions under the statement of the problem. This is to bring out into focus the essential feature of the study. 3. 4 Methods Used in Developing the Software Figure 5: Software Development Cycle Software Planning This software development method designates a plan in which a system analyst must first identify. Identify the meaning, to identify the product goals and requirement of the system. It must be put into consideration the capabilities of the programmer before deciding the product itself. Software Design Design is a visualization of the outcome of a product but then in software design, time is very essential because designing the software takes a long period of time to ensure efficiency, maintainability and reliability of the software. Software Development It can be considered as the most difficult phase because all the raw materials and information’s that were gathered will now be used to create the whole system. Software Implementation The phase of the software development method where software has already been debugged, documented and tested. The objective of the implementation phase is to deliver a completely functioning and documented Library Booking System. Software Operation and Maintenance Maintenance keeps the system functional at an acceptable level, correct errors and adapts changes in the new environment to provide new features and benefits. Chapter IV Presentation, System Analysis and Design This chapter presents the data gathered in each study. It consists of results and analysis in the form of figures, tables, graphs and text. 4. 1 System Analysis 4. 1. 1 Presentation of Data 4. 1. 1. 1 Feasibility Study 4. 1. 1. 1. 1 Operational Feasibility The Librarian will mainly use the system for record keeping and etc. The Librarian will operate the system from 8 am to 12 pm then 1 pm to 8 from Mondays to Fridays. 4. 1. 1. 1. 2 Technical Feasibility The proposed system will be using any common computer hardware composed of monitor, CPU, keyboard and a mouse. The system will be using the software Microsoft Office. This software was also used for the database of the system. 4. 1. 1. 1. 3 Schedule Feasibility The timeframe of developing the program as well as the completion documents are estimated to be finished within 5 months, starting from November up to March. 4. 1. 1. 1. Economic Feasibility Operating Cost of Existing System Personel Unit| Item| Monthly Cost| Annual Cost| 1| Librarian| P 5,000| P 60,000| Table 1: Existing Personel Operating Cost Total Mothly Cost: P 5,000 Total Annual Cost: P 60,000 Supplies QTY| Unit| Item| Price/Item| Monthly Cost| Annual Cost| 1| Pc| Record Book | P 50| P 50 | P600| 3| Box| Library Card| P 40 0| P 1200| P14,400| 4| Pc| Ball Pen| P 10| P 40| P 480| 2| Pc| Liquid Eraser| P 35| P 70| P 840| 1| Pc| Memo Pad| P 30| P 30| P 360| 2| Set| Highlighter| P 50| P 100| P 1,200| Table 2: Supply Cost of Existing System Total Mothly Cost: P 1490. 00 Total Annual Cost: P 17,880. 0 Electric Consumption of Existing System Unit| Unit Device| Wattage| kWh| DailyHours| kWd| Monthly Consumptions| Annual Consumptions| 1| Personal Computer| 425| . 425| 12| 5. 1| 107. 1| 1,285. 2| 1| AVR| 30| 0. 03| 12| 0. 36| 7. 56| 90. 72| 4| Flourescent Lamp| 128| 0. 128| 3| 0. 387| 8. 127| 97. 524| 2| Electrical Fan| 100| 0. 1| 12| 1. 2| 25. 2| 302. 4| Table 3: Electric Consumption of Existing System Conversion: 1 kilowatt = 1,000 watts Monthly Consumptions: kWd * 21 days Annual Consumptions: Monthly Consumptions * 12 months in a year Total Monthly Consumptions: 147. 987 kW Total Annual Consumptions: 1775. 44 kW Electric Cost of Existing System (In Pesos) Item| Monthly Consumptions| Monthly Cost| Annual Consu mptions| Annual Cost| Personal Computer| 107. 1| P 738. 99| 1,285. 2| P 8,867. 88| AVR| 7. 56| P 52. 164| 90. 72| P 625. 968| Flourescent Lamp| 8. 127| P 56. 0763| 97. 524| P 672. 9156| Electrical Fan| 25. 2| P 173. 88| 302. 4| P 2,086. 56| Table 4: Electronic Cost of Existing System Rate: 1 kWh = P 6. 90 Monthly Cost: Monthly (kW) X 6. 90 Annual Cost: Annual (kW) X 6. 90 Total Monthly Cost: P 1,021. 1103 Total Annual Cost: P 12,253. 3236 Total Operating Cost of Existing System: P 90,133. 3236 or P 90,133. 32 Operating Cost of Proposed System Personel Unit| Item| Monthly Cost| Annual Cost| 1| Librarian| P 5,000| P 60,000| Table 5: Proposed Personel Operating Cost Total Mothly Cost: P 5,000 Total Annual Cost: P 60,000 Supplies QTY| Unit| Item| Price/Item| Monthly Cost| Annual Cost| 1| Catridge| Ink| P 400| P 400| P 4,800| 1| Rim | Bond Paper| P 100| P 100| P1,200| Table 6: Supply Cost of Proposed System Total Mothly Cost: P 500. 00 Total Annual Cost: P 6,000. 00 Electric Consumptions of Proposed System Unit| Unit Device| Wattage| kWh| DailyHours| kWd| Monthly Consumptions| Annual Consumptions| 1| Personal Computer| 425| 0. 425| 12| 5. | 107. 1| 1,285. 2| 1| AVR| 30| 0. 03| 12| 0. 36| 7. 56| 90. 72| 4| Flourescent Lamp| 128| 0. 128| 3| 0. 387| 8. 127| 97. 524| 2| Electrical Fan| 100| 0. 1| 12| 1. 2| 25. 2| 302. 4| 1| Printer| 100| 0. 1| 12| 1. 2| 25. 2| 302. 4| Table 7: Electric Consumptions of Proposed System Conversion: 1 kilowatt = 1,000 watts Monthly Consumptions: kWd * 21 days per mont h Annual Consumptions: Monthly Consumptions * 12 months in a year Total Monthly Consumptions: 189. 567 kW Total Annual Consumptions: 2274. 804 kW Electronic Cost of Proposed System (In Pesos) Item| Monthly (kW)| Monthly Cost| Annual (kW)| Annual Cost| Personal Computer| 107. | P 738. 99| 1,285. 2| P 8,867. 88| AVR| 7. 56| P 52. 164| 90. 72| P 625. 968| Flourescent Lamp| 8. 127| P 56. 0763| 97. 524| P 672. 9156| Electrical Fan| 25. 2| P 173. 88| 302. 4| P 2,086. 56| Printer| 25. 2| P 173. 88| 302. 4| P 2,086. 56| Table 8: Electric Cost of Proposed System Rate: 1 kW = P 6. 9 Monthly Cost: Monthly (kW) X 6. 90 Annual Cost: Annual (kW) X 6. 90 Total Monthly Cost: P 1,194. 9903 Total Annual Cost: P 14,339. 8836 Total Operating Cost of Proposed System: P 80,339. 8836 or P 80,339. 88 Development Cost QTY| ITEM| PRICE| 1| Programmer| P 5,000| Table 9: Development Cost Total Development Cost: P 5,000 Presentation of Values Proposed System Operating Cost: P 80,339. 88 Development Cost: P 5,000 Total Cost of Proposed System: P 85,339. 88 Operating Cost of Existing System Total Operating Cost: P 90,133. 32 Benefits Existing Operational Cost – Proposed Operational Cost : P 90,133. 32 – P 85,339. 88 : P 4,793. 44 Payback Period Development Cost/Benefit : P 5,000/P 4,793. 44 : 1. 04 years Payback Analysis Years| Cost| Cum. Cost| Benefit| Cum. Benefit| 1| P 5,000| P 5,000| P 4,793. 44| P 4,793. 44| 2| P 0| P 0| P 4,793. 44| P 9,586. 88| 3| P 0| P 0| P 4,793. 44| P 14,380. 32| Table 10: Payback Analysis Figure 6 Payback Diagram . 1. 1. 1. 5 Result of the Feasibility Study The Operational Feasibility of the proposed system will provide the information on who can access the proposed system. In this case, the librarian is the one using the system for transactions. The required computer hardware and software that where needed to run the proposed system was given in the Technica l Feasibily The Schedule Feasibility determines the timeframe of finishing the proposed system. It is estimated to be finished within 5 months. The Economic Feasibilt calculates the diffirence between the cost of the Existing and the Proposed Systems. 4. 2 System Design 4. 2. The System Model 4. 2. 1. 1 System Processing Functions (DFD, System Flowchart) 4. 2. 1. 1. 1 DFD of Existing System (Borrow and Return) D1 D1 Library card Library card 1. 1 Input book/s information 1. 1 Input book/s information 1. 2 Borrow book/s 1. 2 Borrow book/s Librarian Librarian Borrower Borrower 1. 3 Record 1. 3 Record D2 Library Slip D2 Library Slip Borrower Borrower Borrower Info Borrower Info Librarian Librarian Book info Book info Book/s and Slip Book/s and Slip D3 Library Slip D3 Library Slip 1. 6 Update Record 1. 6 Update Record 1. 4 Return book/s 1. 4 Return book/s No Penalty No Penalty Book/s and Slip Book/s and Slip 1. 7 Compute Penalty 1. 7 Compute Penalty Librarian Librarian 1. 5 Check for due date 1. 5 Check for due date Borrower Borrower Librarian Librarian Penalty Penalty Figure 7: DFD of Existing System (Borrow and Return) Figure 7: DFD of Existing System (Borrow and Return) DFD of Proposed System (Borrow and Return) 8. 0 Update Record 8. 0 Update Record 5. 0 Return 5. 0 Return Borrower Borrower Goes to Librian Goes to Librian Book/s Book/s 1. 0 Borrow 1. 0 Borrow Borrower Borrower Librarian Librarian 9. 0 Update Record 9. 0 Update Record 7. 0 Penalty 7. 0 Penalty 6. 0 Check Borrowed Book Info 6. Check Borrowed Book Info Librarian Librarian If not If not If past due date If past due date 2. 0 Input Book/s Info 2. 0 Input Book/s Info Librarian Librarian Book Info Book Info 3. 0 Save Information 3. 0 Save Information D1 Book Info D1 Book Info Librarian Librarian Borrower Info Borrower Info Librarian Librarian 4. 0 Update Record 4. 0 Update Record Fi gure 8: DFD of Proposed (Borrow and Return) Figure 8: DFD of Proposed (Borrow and Return) Flowchart of Proposed System (Form Login/Main) N N Is Username and Password correct? Is Username and Password correct? A A Login Form Login Form Enter Username and Password Enter Username and Password Start Start Y Y Displays Main Form Displays Main Form Menu = Book List Menu = Book List Menu = Book Acquisition Menu = Book Acquisition A A B B Menu = Security Menu = Security E E Menu = Penalty List Menu = Penalty List F F Menu = Exit Menu = Exit C C Menu = Book Borrow Menu = Book Borrow G G Menu = Book Return Menu = Book Return D D End End Figure 9: Flowchart of Proposed System (Form Login/Main) Figure 9: Flowchart of Proposed System (Form Login/Main) A A Flowchart of Proposed System (Book Acquisition) Flowchart of Proposed System (Book Acquisition) Book Acquisition Form Book Acquisition Form Start Start Input Book Info/Details Input Book Info/Details A A Database Database Change Book Info/Details Change Book Info/Details Y Y Change Book Info/Details? Change Book Info/Details? Is the Book Info Complete/Correct? Is the Book Info Complete/Correct? N N N N Delete Book Info? Delete Book Info? N N View Book Details View Book Details Y Y Save Book Info/Details Save Book Info/Details Y Y Search Book Info/Details? Search Book Info/Details? Y Y Database Database Delete Book Details Delete Book Details Database Database N N End End Figure 10: Flowchart of Proposed System (Book Acquisition) Figure 10: Flowchart of Proposed System (Book Acquisition) Flowchart of Proposed System (Security) Flowchart of Proposed System (Security) B B Database Database B B Security Form Security Form Database Database N N Y Y Delete Username Delete Username Y Y N N Change Username Details? Change Username Details? Y Y Search Username Details? Search Username Details? N N Y Y Save Username and Password Save Username and Password Username and PasswordCorrect? Username and PasswordCorrect? Start Start Create Username and Password Create Username and Password Change Username Details Change Username Details Delete Username Account? Delete Username Account? View Username Details View Username Details Database Database End End Figure 11: Flowchart of Proposed System (Security) Figure 11: Flowchart of Proposed System (Security) C C Start Start Flowchart of Proposed System (Borrow) C C Book Borrow Form Book Borrow Form Is the book available? Is the book available? Update Quantity Update Quantity Database Database End End Save student info and book info Save student info and book info N N Borrow Book/s Borrow Book/s Y Y Figure 12: Flowchart of Proposed System (Borrow) Figure 12: Flowchart of Proposed System (Borrow) D D Flowchart of Proposed System (Return) D D Is the return date over due? Is the return date over due? Return Book/s Return Book/s Start Start Book Return Form Book Return Form Y Y Calcutate Penalty Calcutate Penalty N N Update Record Update Record Database Database Update Quantity Update Quantity End End Figure 13: Flowchart of Proposed System (Return) Figure 13: Flowchart of Proposed System (Return) E E Flowchart of Proposed System (Book List) Book List Form Book List Form E E Show Book Lisit Show Book Lisit End End Start Start Figure 14: Flowchart of Proposed System (Book List) Figure 14: Flowchart of Proposed System (Book List) Flowchart of Proposed System (Penalty List) Flowchart of Proposed System (Penalty List) F F F F Penalty List Form Penalty List Form Start Start Show Penalty List Show Penalty List End End Figure 15: Flowchart of Proposed System (Penalty List) Figure 15: Flowchart of Proposed System (Penalty List) 4. 2. 1. 2 Stored Data (ERD, Data Dictionary) Name Name 4. 2. 1. 2. 1 Entity-Relationship Diagram of Proposed System M M M M Return Return Book/s Book/s Borrower Borrower Author Author Volume No. Volume No. Librarian Librarian Book/s Book/s Year Year Section Section Book Title Book Title Request to borrow Request to borrow Volume No. Volume No. ISBN ISBN Publisher Publisher Author Author M M Book Title Book Title M M Gives to Gives to Librarian Librarian Publisher Publisher ISBN ISBN Gets from Gets from 1 1 Username Username Password Password 1 1 Username Username Password Password M M Check for Penalty Check for Penalty Borrower Borrower 1 1 Pay Penalty Pay Penalty Save Save Librarian Librarian 1 1 Update Update Record Record Record Record 1 1 Figure 16: Entity Relationship Diagram of Proposed System Figure 16: Entity Relationship Diagram of Proposed System Borrower BookTitle BorrowerName BorrowDate Author ISBN Quantity Borrower BookTitle BorrowerName BorrowDate Author ISBN Quantity Database ERD of Proposed System Book BookTitle Author ISBN Volume Number Publisher Quantity Book BookTitle Author ISBN Volume Number Publisher Quantity Return BookTitle BorrowerName ReturnDate Author ISBN Quantity Return BookTitle BorrowerName ReturnDate Author ISBN Quantity Figure 17: Database ERD Diagram of the Proposed System Figure 17: Database ERD Diagram of the Proposed System Data Dictionary Login Field Name| Data Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Username| Text| 15| Username| Yes| —| | Password| Text| 15| Password| Yes| —| | Book Acquisition Field Name| Data Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Book Title| Text| 15| Book Title| Yes| —| | Author| Text| 30| Author| Yes| —| | ISBN| Text | 15| InternationalStandardBook Number| Yes| —| | Volume Number| Int| 15| Volume Number| Yes| —| | Publisher| Text| Publisher| Address| Yes| —| | Quantity| Int| 15| Quantity| Yes| —| | Security Field Name| Data Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Username| Text| 15| Username| Yes| —| | Password| Text| 15| Password| Yes| —| | Book Borrow Field Name| Data Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Book Title| Text| 15| Book Title| Yes| —| | Author| Text| 30| Author| Yes| —| | ISBN| Text | 15| InternationalStandardBook Number| Yes| —| | Quantity| Int| 15| Quantity| Yes| —| | Borrower’s Name| Text| 30| Borrower’sName| Yes| —| | Book Return Field Name| Data Type| Width| Description| Required| Default value| Remarks| Book Title| Text| 15| Book Title| Yes| —| | Author| Text| 30| Author| Yes| —| | ISBN| Text | 15| InternationalStandardBook Number| Yes| —| | Quantity| Int| 15| Quantity| Yes| —| | Borrower’s Name| Text| 30| Borrower’sName| Yes| —| | Table 9: Data Dictionary of the Proposed System Table 9: Data Dictionary of the Proposed System 4. 2. 2 Hardware, Software User Interfaces . 2. 2. 1 Hardware Requirement Specification Hardware| Minimum Requirements| Processor| Intel Pentium 3 or AMD| Memory| 128 mb RAM or higher| Monitor| 800 x 600 Resolution or higher| Printer| Cannon HP Printer or higher| Table 10: Hardware Requirement Specification 4. 2. 2. 2 Software Requirement S pecification Software| Minimum Requirements| Operating System| Windows Vista or any Windows OS| Microsoft Office| Version 2007 or 2010| Table 11: Software Requirement Specification 4. 2. 2. 3 User Interfaces 4. 2. 3 System Back-up and Control Back-ups can be saved to any driver on the user computer. Or the back-up could be even saved using a flash drive and external hard drive, if they it is available. 4. 2. 4 System Implementation and Maintenance The software will be implemented for Gordon Heights National High School. The School Librarian will be the one using the system. Updating and maintaining of the system will be done depending on the changes made on the school library information. Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter discusses the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the Software entitled, Computerized Library System for Gordon Heights National High School. . 1 Conclusion Based on the findings, the proponents have successfully developed the proposed system that meets the objective and solves the statement of the problem with regards to the study. The proponents concluded that the Gordon Heights National Highschool Library System is efficient to use based on the results of the study. As a whole, the proposed system and the existing system have a treme ndousdistinction. The difference from the traditional to the proposed system is trulybeneficial to the library, librarian and How to cite Library System, Essay examples